11 and New York City firefighters post hoc unit support and control climates A context theory of the consequences of involvement in traumatic work

9/11 and New York City firemen post hoc unit backing and control atmospheres A setting hypothesis of the results of association in awful work Presentation The exploration article viable for investigation is by Bacharach and Bamberger (2007) named â€Å"9/11 and New York City firemen post hoc unit backing and control atmospheres: A setting hypothesis of the results of association in horrendous business related events.† The focal point of this paper is on scales’ legitimacy, estimations, namelessness, uncertainty and reaction sets. The paper will likewise portray the DASS overview things and will break down the testing used to assess the example qualities and shortcomings and offer recommendations.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on 9/11 and New York City firemen post hoc unit backing and control atmospheres: A setting hypothesis of the outcomes of contribution in horrendous business related occasions by Bacharach and Bamberger explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scales Analysis The reliant factors wretchedness, nervousness and stress depended on the DASS scale for estimat ing pressure and mental characteristics. The scales extended from 0 to 3 where 0 inferred â€Å"did not concern me at all,† 1 was deciphered as â€Å"applied somewhat or a portion of the time; 2 suggested â€Å"applied to a significant degree or a decent piece of the time,† while 3 inferred â€Å"applied to the member without a doubt or the vast majority of the time† (Bacharach Bamberger, 2007, p. 851). The autonomous factors of power of basic episode association depended on an estimation size of 0 or 1 for confirmed to the 15 methods of contribution while for the four including self injury a size of 2 to 5 was utilized where 2 spoke to a minor physical issue with no necessity of treatment and 5 speaking to extreme injury requiring clinical consideration and being set on light obligation or leave. The range for post horrendous pain depended on Weiss Marmar (1997) Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) which involved a size of 0 to 4 where 0 suggested â€Å"not at all,† 1 implied â€Å"a little bit,† 2 inferred â€Å"moderately,† 3 for â€Å"quite a bit† and 4 spoke to â€Å"frequently† (p. 56). The current unit control atmosphere was estimated on an info size of 1 to 7 with 1 speaking to â€Å"little or no input† and 7 suggesting â€Å"a incredible arrangement of input† (Bacharach Bamberger, 2007, p. 853). The current administrative help atmosphere was to measure the recurrence of help inside a size of 1 speaking to not in any way, to 4 speaking to regularly. The social attractive quality predisposition was controlled and estimated utilizing the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) scale. Other basic occurrences contributions were controlled and surveyed utilizing the estimation scale utilized for basic episode association with consideration of the scale showing the occasions a member was engaged with a basic episode extending from 0 (inferring zero or no occasions) to 7 (sugges ting seven or significantly more occasions). Face Validity and Measurement examination The estimation of mental states, for example, misery, tension and stress has demonstrated to be dependable particularly with the utilization of the DASS 21 scale. The utilization of the scale to gauge gloom, uneasiness, and stress is face substantial (Miller, Cardinal Glick, 1997). The basic occurrence contribution measure used to test the inclusion in a basic episode utilizing the 15 modes scale on the positive premise is valid.Advertising Looking for article on interchanges media? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Impact of Event Scale-Revised used to gauge the post horrendous trouble is restricted in legitimacy because of the predisposition in the scales depicted as â€Å"a little bit†, â€Å"moderately† and â€Å"quite a bit.† The measure for current unit control atmosphere used to test the degree of contribution o f the work is substantial in spite of the fact that it is constrained by the utilization of review strategy with the nearby relationship of the scale from 2 to 6 levels. The estimation of administrative atmosphere to test for the recurrence of help is substantial with the reactions unmistakably sketched out. The utilization of Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding scale to evaluate and control for social attractive quality inclination is legitimate despite the fact that the scale goes back over ten years from the exploration year (Johns, 2006). Obscurity Analysis The current unit control atmosphere requires the info level of the members in six significant choice zones of their boss organization while the current administrative help atmosphere requires data on the recurrence of the help of the organization to the members. On an individual level, I would not answer them honestly since any negative reaction would make a terrible picture for the organization and may influence my wo rk with the organization. Equivocalness and Response Sets Analysis The current unit control atmosphere estimation size of the info level of the members to the six significant choices of the organization is questionable in light of the fact that information level is reliant on the hierarchical structure while the six choices may not be of high noteworthiness for certain organizations. The four modes scale for estimating the basic occurrence inclusion as far as the degree of physical injury is likewise uncertain since just physical injury is depended on while enthusiastic, mental and different wounds are not evaluated. The current unit control atmosphere that utilizes input scale things is available to different reactions because of the distinctions in the organizations, current situation of the member of the member in the organization, desires for the member on the amount they should be included and the picture this thing models for the company.Advertising We will compose a custom ex position test on 9/11 and New York City firemen post hoc unit backing and control atmospheres: A setting hypothesis of the outcomes of association in horrible business related occasions by Bacharach and Bamberger explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current administrative control atmosphere is additionally open to a few translations of help starting with one member then onto the next since the understanding of help might be as far as guiding administrations, financial advantages, leaves, etc with the recurrence subject to impacts of the desires for the members and friends strategy (Johns, 2006). Grouping of DASS Survey Items DASS 21 Statements Depression Anxiety Stress I thought that it was difficult to slow down X I knew about dryness of my mouth X I couldnt appear to encounter any constructive inclination whatsoever X I encountered breathing trouble (e.g., exorbitantly fast breathing, shortness of breath without physical effort) X I thought that it was hard t o stir up the activity to do things X I tended to over-respond to circumstances X I encountered trembling (e.g., in the hands) X I felt that I was utilizing a great deal of anxious vitality X I was stressed over circumstances in which I may frenzy and make a nitwit of myself X I felt that I had nothing to anticipate X I ended up getting fomented X I thought that it was hard to loosen up X I felt despondent and blue X I was bigoted of anything that shielded me from continuing ahead with what I was doing X I believed I was near frenzy X I couldn't get eager about anything X I believed I wasnt worth a lot as an individual X I felt that I was somewhat sensitive X I knew about the activity of my heart without physical effort (e.g., feeling of pulse increment, heart thinking twice) X I felt terrified with no valid justification X I felt that life was trivial X Sampling investigation The example utilized in the examination incorporated those members who determined the organization they wor ked for just as their sexual orientation narrowing down the example to incorporate those 101 organizations that had in any event five respondents. The last example was of n= 1,110 with age extending somewhere in the range of 21 and 60 years and a mean age of 33 years. The example was not convincing dependent on sex contrasts, while the issue of organization detail restricted the extension (Johns, 2006). The scientists utilized probabilistic testing strategies to be specific arbitrary inspecting and defined irregular examining which guaranteed the generalizability of the discoveries to comparative organizations. End The exploration article viable gives applicable scales to the factors viable however is confronted with the impediments of reaction uncertainty because of the length of span between the event of the basic occurrence and the examination which likewise confines the legitimacy. Secrecy of the respondents was constrained while the example however restricted to fit the examina tion significance doesn't convincingly cover sex angles. Reference List Bacharach, S., Bamberger, P. (2007). 9/11 and New York City firemen post hoc unit backing and control atmospheres: A setting hypothesis of the results of inclusion in horrible business related occasions. The Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 849-868. Johns, G. (2006). The basic effect of setting on hierarchical conduct. Institute of Management Review, 31, 396â€408. Mill operator, C., Cardinal, B., Glick, H. (1997). Review reports in authoritative exploration: A reevaluation of late proof. Institute of Management Journal, 40, 189â€204.Advertising Searching for article on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Weiss, D., Marmar, C. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. New York: Guildford.

Women and The Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ladies and The Law - Essay Example Ladies and The Law One really had blended assessments in the article given that through the encounters of three ladies who quit (Chimerine Irvin, Kuae Kelch Mattox, and Sheilah O’Donnel), a portion of these ladies turned out progressively worthwhile for being agreed with the chances of discovering all the more remunerating business when they picked to return on the work power; regardless of clearly lower pay. Be that as it may, other people who are not all that blessed could confront more noteworthy tensions for searching for progressively profitable undertaking at an age where they could in certainty be separated on for entering the work power at an a lot more seasoned age where more youthful, more advantageous and similarly qualified contenders could be more than ready to acknowledge positions at impressively lower pay. Notwithstanding, through the encounters that were handed-off, it was estimable that the individuals who had the option to build up a system of expert partners while at their pr ime of the vocation, could in any case tap these system and assets to discover compensating chances to enter the work power. The distinction of having taken the class is that one is progressively conscious of hypotheses and their applications to contemporary settings. Thusly, much gratefulness is taken in essential concerns, particularly those influencing ladies in the workforce and their capacities to continue supporting their individual families in spite of the difficulties of adjusting work and family life.... d in any event, confronting genuine results, particularly when separation had left ladies without help, without cash, and without assets to help the developing needs of the youngsters. Portrayal of Personal Reaction to/Opinion of the Article One really had blended suppositions in the article given that through the encounters of three ladies who quit (Chimerine Irvin, Kuae Kelch Mattox, and Sheilah O’Donnel), a portion of these ladies turned out increasingly beneficial for being concurred with the chances of discovering all the more remunerating business when they selected to return on the work power; in spite of clearly lower pay. In any case, other people who are not all that lucky could confront more noteworthy nerves for searching for increasingly gainful undertaking at an age where they could in actuality be separated on for entering the work power at an a lot more established age where more youthful, more beneficial and similarly qualified contenders could be more than re ady to acknowledge positions at extensively lower pay. In any case, through the encounters that were transferred, it was admirable that the individuals who had the option to set up a system of expert associates while at their prime of the vocation, could in any case tap these system and assets to discover compensating chances to enter the work power. Proclamation of What Difference, assuming any, Taking the Class Had on Reaction to the Article The distinction of having taken the class is that one is progressively perceptive of hypotheses and their applications to contemporary settings. Accordingly, much thankfulness is taken in critical concerns, particularly those influencing ladies in the workforce and their capacities to continue supporting their separate families regardless of the difficulties of adjusting work and family life. The exercises gave plentiful chances to be informed of how speculations are applied and how,

Jellyfishing

Jellyfishing JellyfishingGEL-ly fishing? Get it? Fishing for new GELs? Maybe its too late for clever puns, but Im posting anyway! Presently, Im sitting here on Saturday night (well I guess its Sunday morning now, daylight savings time is weird) on the 6th floor of the Stata Center attempting to do my homework for EID (ESD.051, Engineering Innovation and Design, a class that all GEL1s take). This week was pretty long; I had tests in three of my classes: 9.65 (Cognitive Processes), 20.390 (Introduction to Computational Biology), and 20.330 (Fields, Forces, and Flows in Biological Systems). Ive also been putting in several hours behind the computer managing the news department of The Tech like I normally do as well as putting in time to the GEL outreach committee. Over in the land of GEL, its recruiting season! Even if youre not a part of a fraternity/sorority and dont have big productions to put on for your recruitment seasons like Fraternity rush or Sorority formal recruitment, inevitably youre going to be involved with recruiting people for some group that youre involved with during your time on campus GEL is no exception. In my time, Ive noticed that at the beginning of the year, recruiting impressionable freshmen who want to get involved with things is a lot of fun and normally not mind-bogglingly stressful. Its significantly harder to convince someone to do something when theyre already set in their ways and comfortable with their normal routine like a lot of upperclassmen are, understandably so. Guess who our target audience is? You guessed it, all those upperclassmen. No matter how much of a challenge your target audience may be to reach however, there are some easy things you can do no matter what group youre involved with to make everyones experience a bit more pleasant when recruiting. To the people who are being recruited: Impressionable freshmen or not, have an open mind to new experiences! You never know who you could meet or the insight you could gain by checking things out, so dont be so quick to write things off if you think you might be interested. Do, however, take everything with a grain of salt. Also, dont be afraid to not pursue things even in the face of your new friends telling you to stay and be straight up with them about it. Dont lead them on to think that youre going to commit to something if you know you arent. If theyre really your friends, they still will be even if youre not a member of the formal activity group. To the recruiters: One of the easiest things you can do is to make yourself a list of reasons why youre involved with the group and then tell that to people! It lets you consolidate your thoughts beforehand so you spend less time fishing for words in front of your recruitees that inevitably have shorter attention spans. This not only makes you look more smooth, but increases confidence and can make you look more authoritative, which is what new people want to see from an established member of an organization. So, I made mine for GEL! Why do I like GEL? 1. Feedback Its nice to get honest feedback from a peer about how Im doing in the skills I applied on any given day I dont feel like I get that a lot elsewhere and it really helps! 2. Engineering Learning about the engineering thought process is not something that course 20 focuses a lot on, its really nice to get that supplement of material from GEL. 3. Teamwork Learning how to communicate and work with other people who arent of the same background as you is definitely a good skill to learn. Additionally, there is a high chance of inadvertently making new friends and having lots of laughs along the way. Your GEL teams will probably be the least frustrating teams youll ever work with. 4. Translatability A lot of the skills youll learn in GEL you can take over to lead your other student groups and make them better I know that I have. 5. Useful Deliverables You get challenged to make things with good design that are built to last, you may find yourself using them outside the scope of the class, like an automated phone system. 6. One of the required classes is a trip to New Hampshire to a camp not far from the mountains. I didnt take that class this IAP, but Ill be hitting the ski slopes next year! Also, if youre an MIT upperclassman who happens to read this and havent applied yet, theres still until Monday at midnight to do so! Also, I found out on Friday that I will be a GEL2 next year, so if you apply for this year, you might get me as a team lead! Happy (American) Daylight Savings Time!

Leadership Styles Of Hostile Workplace - 1458 Words

Leadership Styles in Hostile Workplaces in the Military The military organization is susceptible to bullying in the workplace and hostile work environments due to the inherent nature of the military structure. Different leadership styles can be used to combat bullying and hostile work environments and minimize their effects. Some leadership styles further contribute to problem. Furthermore leadership styles that are helpful in one situation may contribute to problems in a different situation. Military establishments are prone to workplace bullying because they are under the influence of hierarchical and authoritarian structures (Seigne, Coyne, Randall, Parker, 2007). The military is highly competitive and politicized. Recognition†¦show more content†¦Unlike WWII, the Vietnam War service members were not welcomed as heroes but rather as disgraced veterans. Currently, a significant portion of the public and military oppose foreign involvement with the Middle East. Military members, regardless of their opinion, put their life at risk based on the decisions of politicians. The lack of individual control leads to a feeling of helplessness. Helplessness may lead to isolationism if unchecked. Isolationism contributes to a poor social climate and vice versa. So much of what a military member does is dictated to them. The basis of military structure is authoritarian and not autonomous. These factors create a hostile work environment. Coworkers generally care less about people they do not interact with on a consistent basis. Taken to the extreme, coworkers feel animosity towards people that are not their friends. Isolated coworkers are unable to dispel rumors that inevitability arise from their absence. Human nature is to judge ourselves by our intentions and to judge others by their actions. Prejudice due to isolationism further ostracizes the individual creating a negative feedback loop. Due to the clear career progression of the military, promotion to a higher grade and command over a unit may be reliably forecasted barring any illegal behavior. The minimum standard of behavior allows for many leadership flaws to progressShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles, Employee Turnover Intentions And Counterproductive Work Behaviors Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesIndicators of Negative leadership Puni, A., Agyemang, C., Asamoah, E. (2016). Leadership Styles, Employee Turnover Intentions and Counterproductive Work Behaviours. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 5(1). Study of 170 respondents within the eight Ghana Banks of turnover intentions and counterproductive behaviors of leadership roles. Discovered laissez-fare leadership individuals were difficult to distinguish from the regular work employees. 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Cause and Effect Paper About Aliens - 988 Words

Cause and Effect Paper Ashamed of Human Society Today With all the technical advances ( computers cell phones) and the medical evolution you would think that we would be proud of our society, but when asked to write an essay about if aliens came to visit our planet from a higher developed civilization would we be proud or ashamed of the state of human race today, taking a deeper look into our race I can only conclude that they would be disappointed. Would they want to breath in our polluted air, see the disrespect that humans often give one another based on a race or culture, agree with our disregard for other living things, agree with our decisions to get abortions because we can’t live up to our mistakes, or would they be†¦show more content†¦Everything on this planet deserves the right to life. But most people only care about themselves now a days, they don’t have any regard to the other living things around us. Not only does this attitude and behavior affect humans, but it also affects the other life forms on the planet as well. All living species are interconnected and play a role in the environment. If one species becomes endangered or extinct, it has a huge impact on the rest of the species as well. For example, even though humans view bees as pests and try very hard each year to make sure these insects do not invade their yards, bees are a very essential part of nature. Bees are necessary in pollinating flowers so that they are able to reproduce. Without bees, this process would be impeded. This is an example of how humans take their environment for granted. In attempting to make life better for ourselves, we often mistreat the little things that help our planet and harm other species. Furthermore not only do we as humans have disregard for other living things, but a lot of people don’t even have respect for babies that don’t even have the chance to be born or live. 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Christianity vs Buddhism Free Essays

Eder Armando Garcia World Religions Mr. Wayne Knight Christianity V. Buddhism The concept of God within Christianity differs depending on the angle one chooses to look upon it. We will write a custom essay sample on Christianity vs Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Trinitarian concept of god breaks it down into 3 separate parts all of which are acting in unison. The first part is God; the father in this form god is a loving father figure who acts like a loving parent who has his children’s best interest at heart. In the second part God, the son he is Jesus a son of god who was sent to our world to die for all of our sins. In the last form God is the Holy Spirit this is his final and current form currently on our planet keeping our planet in balance until Jesus returns to earth to call his people home. The three different forms of god are seen as godhead for three different persons within the same eternal being. Although similar in history the traditional form of god believed by most modern Christians is that of a loving all-knowing being who is without flaw. This tangible entity has existed for all of time and is the beginning, middle and end of all eternity. He is seen as a loving but jealous being that looks to cultivate a loving caring world having to step in and correct problems when they occur. This god is usually prayed directly too as many Christians strongly believe he is everywhere with them at all times and has his hand in everyday matters. The perfect entity is a conscience being that makes choices based on what is for the greater good residing in heaven a place that awaits Christian followers if they have accepted Jesus Christ as their lord and savior. Buddhist has a different idea of God, in their world there is no creator God. Buddhist do not believe in a centric being that rules and governs the cosmos in accordance with the greater good. Instead they feel that a human being is responsible for their own actions and as such are also responsible for the continuation and safety of the universe. Buddhist practice meditation and human service in an attempt to ultimately reach nirvana a state of being that is said to be stress free and without suffering. This is acquired through many lifetimes of building up positive karma eventually allowing a gateway nirvana. Although no specific higher eing is associated with Buddhist there are at least a couple different variations of Buddha practiced by differing Buddhism sects. The Theravada Buddhist see Buddha as a being who eventually reached nirvana and as such their blueprint must be followed to also be able to access the treasured state of being. On the other Mahayana Buddhist instead see Buddha as a god like being who embodies all of the cosmos and as such is worship ped within this sect. Although differing from actual gods Buddhist also acknowledge beings in higher realms known as devas however these beings are also said to have ugly human conditions such as greed, lust or anger. When looking to compare different religions the different sides of the coin between Christianity and Buddhism seem to be far apart. While the religion of Christianity sees human beings as weak creatures who most always ask for forgiveness by their almighty being Buddhism empowers them. The feeling within the christen community is that most people are sinners and as such must give themselves up to Jesus Christ to allow entrance to his holy habitat. Believers are asked to continue to pray and ask for help when dealing with problems that appear to be out of their control. In addition random occurrences of good luck are seen as specific blessing sent down by their creator or nudges to continue down the path of light. To see people as needing rescuing would be foreign to Buddhism followers as instead they feel that a person must conquer their own life. In Buddhism a person is empowered with control of their own path by being directed to reflect on oneself and become a better person. Through self-sacrifice and positive actions a person can earn Karma a positive energy that follows them onto the next life. No higher being is blamed or takes credit for positive occurrences instead a Buddhist feels that their positive actions had a hand in the good outcome. The final resting place for these two different religions also seems to have its share of differences. Buddhist believe that a tranquil state of mind is the ultimate resting place a realm where suffering does not exist. There is no specific place or explanation on the surrounding instead a place where the mind is free from pain is the destination. Christianity however sees a specific kingdom in the skies a place where old relatives and loved ones await to reunite for eternity. The darker side sets the stage in Christianity for a realm of fire and suffering where the sinners who chose to ignore the calling of Christ end up. Buddhist see the offset of evil continue the cycle of reincarnation ending up in a worse living situation as a punishment for evil actions in a past life. Buddhist are allowed to repent for their evil actions and continue reincarnation until nirvana is reached, Christians are not so lucky as hell has no exit. The eventual resting place of a bad soul differs heavily in Christianity and Buddhism however the positive side of eternity do share similar qualities. Both religions look to a realm where suffering and misery cease a place where we do not have to deal with the negative aspects of humanity. These places are also not easily accessible both requiring dedication and positive human qualities to enter. Christianity and Buddhism look to both reward human beings for being good people and as such dangle both ending spots as a type of carrot on a stick to potential devotees. Although both religions look at different paths towards good decent human beings they share the idea that people need shaping. Both entities feel that human beings need to either work at becoming better human beings or allow entrance to a higher being to guide them. Regardless of the format the idea that a person must work and strive at achieving the pinnacle of their chose religion remains the same. Both religions look to add deterrents to negative actions whether that is a downgrade in lifestyle with Buddhism or the threat of hell in Christianity. The ultimate goal of people being kind and decent human beings seems to be shared by almost every religion a positive similarity giving hope to religion as an institution. The apparent differences in thought process between Christianity and Buddhism seem to be farther apart than I originally thought. Although both religions claim to be working for the greater good of mankind it appears, at least two met, that Buddhism is much more in line with my thought process than originally perceived. With Buddhism a lot is made of looking at a person’s own self and attempting to change from within which if we all could accomplish would set up heaven on earth. In Christianity the belief is that we are all sinners and the only gateway to heaven is through worship and adoration of a single entity. To be so sure of something without any plausible proof seems absurd, going further to life a life of attempting to reach a place that may or may not exist borders on ridiculous. Buddhism does not claim to know who the creator is or if there is even a creator. Because of this thought process they are free from restrictions that claim a person must act a certain way or do certain things to pass on to a higher realm. By insisting that a person is responsible for their actions and their actions alone an empowerment occurs whereas blaming good or bad things on an imaginary creation weakens a human’s importance. If I were to believe in Christianity as my religion then it is to assume that my path is not mine to choose, that everything and anything I do has already been foreseen and constructed by a higher being. I’d rather live on a planet where we are held responsible for the bad and good things we do and are then judged by those actions. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/God_in_Christianity http://www. parami. org/buddhistanswers/what_about_god. htm http://www. letusreason. org/Buddh1. htm How to cite Christianity vs Buddhism, Essay examples

Leaders And Their Leadership Excellence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leaders And Their Leadership Excellence. Answer: In order for a nation to proceed towards a state of continuous growth and prosperity, having a leader with a mission and a vision for success is a very important aspect. Without a motivational and assertive leader a nation cannot attempt to attain societal growth (Coleman 2012). The need for adequate leadership Strategies and execution will always be prevalent, however as the society and all the external and internal factors associated with its growth is ever changing, the leadership Strategies and visions will need to improvise itself every second as well (Zacher et al. 2014). It has to be understood that the autocratic dictation and leadership styles of the past cannot there any fruit in the context of present day society (Jogulu 2010). However there have been leaders in the past and in the future whose leadership styles have been Revolutionary and have resulted in a growth that is only enviable. The purpose of this assignment is highlighting one exceptional leader of the present a n exploding their leadership Strategies and goes to evaluate how effective this leadership strategies will be in the present day situation. The leader of present chosen for this assignment is none other than the exceptional Australian army general turned leader David Morrison. Lieutenant general David Lindsay Morrison was born in 24th of May in the year of 1956. Mr. Morrison served the Australian Army from late 1980s and retired as a senior chief of the Australian Army in the month of May 2015. Elaborating more on the background of David Morrison, he was the son of major general Allen Morrison and he was native to Canberra Australia. His educational background consists of a Bachelor of Arts degree in Arts and law from the Australian National University after which he proceeded to Earth is military career and joint Australian Army. He graduated from officer upcatet school topsia and Royal Australian infantry Cops as well. Delving more on the military career that David Morrison served, in the year of 1987 and 1988, Morrison had the designation of Australian instructor at the royal Military Academy in the UK. His military c areer progressed Morrison attendant Army command and Staff College in the Queenscliff and was readily appointed as Brigade major for Queensland in the year of 1992. His military career progressed father in 1997 when he was promoted to commanding officer of the second battalion of Royal Australian regiment. In 1999 he made his way to being the member of an order of Australia and he had been appointed as the director of preparedness and mobilization for Royal Australian regiment (ABC News 2017). He was promoted to the position of colonel India October of 1999 itself when he was appointed as a Colony of operations for the international force of each timor or INTERFET. Motion was promoted to Brigadier in 2002 and commanded the third Brigade from 2002 to 2004 for Australia after which he gain the promotion as director general preparedness and plants for Australian army and health at possession under his promotion to major general in December 2005. In 2006 he was appointed as the commander of Australian Defense College and in 2008 he made his way to Deputy Chief of Australian Army (The Mandarin 2017). The ultimate stop in his military career has been as the little and general when he was promoted to the designation on June 23rd 2011 as he assume the post of chief of Army the following day, his service has been so exceptional that his term as chief of Army had even been extended for 12 months to June 2015 by the authorities as well. However after a spectacular military career his time in the Australian Army was cut short in 2015 as he retired from his position with pride and grace. He was crowned as the Australian of the year in the 2016 on 25th January in a ceremony carried out in Canberra in the attendance of prime minister himself. Apart from installation service in the military as a brief and prideful Soldier, he had had a hand in a lot of reforms in army world as well. Elaborating more Morrison had a significant role in the investigation that has been carried out for the mishandling in the ADF in 2013. Reports suggest that he even suspended a few Army officials as he found the m suspicious and they have been convicted in this paper presents after attaining valid proof. It has to be highlighted in that Morrisons leadership has been both assertive and transformational in the same time. As a leader he put justice at the top of everything and proud artist equality and Justice above all. Along with that an appreciable attribute that Morrison represented had been inclusive and diverse open mindedness, which had been represented by his speech writer who had been a transgender. As a leader it is very important to embrace the changes in the society unequivocally and represent and ideology that the next generation can look up to. Morrison ensured that his actions motivated the Australian up at all times to remain fair, honest and compassionate (The Mandarin 2017). Shedding light on his career post the Australian Army will uncover various other honorable trades in the man at sir post his retirement from Australian Army he was appointed as the chairman of diversity Council of Australia which is a non for profit diversity committee which acts as the diversity advisor to business in Australia. Gender neutrality and Society equality has been one of the greatest missions in Morrison's life and he walked towards it all throughout his career both in Australian army and in his current career in the diversity Council of Australia. He has never been afraid to speak up against any wrong doings in the society and have been the first to the campaigning against the gender Biased societal terms and generic words that are fun unknown to cause offence in the society. Along with that he had also been an active advocate against domestic violence and even participated in a walk a mile in their shoes event that demonstrated the after effects of domestic violence. H e played and continues to play a pivotal role in the betterment for the women in the society and facility general neutrality and equality in the society, his endeavors demand appreciable recognition (ABC News 2017). In order to describe the leadership approach taken by Morrison it has to be mentioned that he had a vision of incorporating change in the society and work towards making that changed by his actions and by his authority (Nahavandi 2016). Such a leadership style, that not only motivates but also brings about transformation in the society or at least attempts to can only be called a transformational leadership. According to the trait Theory of leadership the leadership style of a particular leader is determined by the traits that he exhibits. David Morrison had that rate of a true leader, on one hand he had assertiveness, confidence, authority, vision and foresight, which helped him attend the success that he did in his military career, while on the other hand he had treats like compassion equality justice honesty, motivation and inspiration that ships same as a transformational leader (Cummings et al. 2010). According to two the Theory of transformational leadership a transformational leader is never limited by the perception of his or her followers, rather a transformational leader understands the challenges in a sparse and attempts to overcome those challenges while being a motivational role model for his followers at the same time (Derue et al. 2011). Transformational leader is able to redirect the perception office followers towards his visions and aspirations. For instance practical example from the career of David Morrison can be given when he let the investigations against mishandling on his own and has been successful, when he spoke up against the conventional Di meaning stand of the woman in the Australian Army. He even has been successful in sir spending a few of the army officials for their unjustified actions towards women, and had been successful in bringing about a transformation that the army culture of Australia had never seen (Du et al. 2013). The second example of his exceptional transformational leadership was evident in his post military caree r as the chairman of diversity Council of Australia. The generic societal gender defining terms had always been a sore point for gender minority groups. He had been successful in being the advocate for gender diversity in Australia, and campaigning against the generic terms like guys. His actions had been the first step towards gender equality in Australia and glorify him as a leader who could stand up for bringing forth a necessary transformation (Mller and Turner 2010). Diversity had been the agenda of his life, and I bringing this transformation Morrison had to overcome a few challenges. The resistance in the society in establishing absolute gender equality and diversity in the society has been key challenge. The ingrained societal ideas regarding unfair racial and ethnic discrimination had been the key contributing factors to the challenge. However a true leader does not shy away from a challenge and neither did Morrison. He overcame these challenge by a few of his key traits, authority, assertiveness and inspirational communication. He worked meticulously for the change he wanted to bring until it was no longer his dream and had been materialized (Cummings et al. 2010). In his own words, he believed time had come to revisit the questions that had been ignored until now so that each and every individual of the society stands free and fully independent, and Morrison worked tirelessly until he saw the change coming and he continues to transform the society. On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that Morrison had a leadership style that facilitated changes in the society none other spoke for. However, he was never deterred by the isolating or the discriminating challenges, rather it only propelled more towards his goal. This unshakeable zeal for establishing justice had been one of the key traits that helped him gain the support of the followers and transform the idea that the society retained towards gender equality and social justice. His achievements teaches us the power of will and motivation, that can bring forth changes that seemed impossible otherwise. And his transformational leadership style continues to be a role model for the coming generation to look up to in the coming years. References: ABC News. (2017). Morrison sounds warning on discrimination against Muslims. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-26/david-morrison-religious-discrimination-australian-of-the-year/7114390 [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Coleman, M., 2012. Leadership and diversity.Educational Management Administration Leadership,40(5), pp.592-609. Cummings, G.G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C.A., Lo, E., Muise, M. and Stafford, E., 2010. Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,47(3), pp.363-385. De Vries, R.E., Bakker-Pieper, A. and Oostenveld, W., 2010. Leadership= communication? The relations of leaders communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes.Journal of business and psychology,25(3), pp.367-380. Derue, D.S., Nahrgang, J.D., Wellman, N.E.D. and Humphrey, S.E., 2011. Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity.Personnel psychology,64(1), pp.7-52. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A. and Sen, S., 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Jogulu, U.D., 2010. Culturally-linked leadership styles. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 31(8), pp.705-719. Mller, R. and Turner, R., 2010. Leadership competency profiles of successful project managers.International Journal of Project Management,28(5), pp.437-448. Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Odumeru, J.A. and Ogbonna, I.G., 2013. Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature.International Review ofManagement and Business Research,2(2), p.355. The Mandarin. (2017). David Morrison on leadership, loyalty and making an impact | The Mandarin. [online] Available at: https://www.themandarin.com.au/59436-david-morrison-on-leadership-and-truth-in-public-storytelling/ [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Zacher, H., Pearce, L.K., Rooney, D. and McKenna, B., 2014. Leaders personal wisdom and leadermember exchange quality: The role of individualized consideration.Journal of Business Ethics,121(2), pp.171-187.

english Essays - Advertising, Marketing, Communication Design

The Power of Advertisement For the past couple of decades, advertisement has had a big impact in society, warping people?s minds, and brain washing them to buy the products that are advertised. Some advertisement companies go as far as promoting sexual conduct and behaviors in their ads just to attract people to come and by their products. In the passage The Language of Advertisement, Author Charles A. O?Neil talks about the negative and subliminal messages that major corporations put on their ads. Charles O?Neil also talks about ads targeting particular groups of people. Charles O?Neil quotes ?Advertisements no matter how carefully engineered cannot succeed unless they capture our attention? (116). What Charles O?Neil is saying, is that in order for advertisement companies to attract the people to their products, they would use images that usually would depict sexual language or intimacy between a man and a woman. Although sex is what sells the most in advertisements today, major corporations can use just about anything to attract consumers, as long as their advertisements consist of ads that causes consumers to actually picture themselves in the ad, or if they can make the ad tempting enough. In The Language of Advertising passage, Charles O?Neil displays a Captain Morgan spiced rum ad. When you look at the Captain Morgan ad the first thing you notice is one guy dancing with three females in a club, and right beside them is Captain Morgan with the spiced rum...

Free Essays on Us History Of Internet

ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their propounding of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery's westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet these two expressions of hostility to slavery- abolitionism and Free-Soilism- were often closely related not only in their beliefs and their interaction but also in the minds of southern slaveholders who finally came to regard the North as united against them in favor of black emancipation.Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolution and in the Upper South during the 1820s, the abolitionist movement did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s. In the previous decade, as much of the North underwent the social disruption associated with the spread of manufac turing and commerce, powerful evangelical religious movements arose to impart spiritual direction to society. By stressing the moral imperative to end sinful practices and each person's responsibility to uphold God's will in society, preachers like Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney in what came to be called the Second Great Awakening led massive religious revivals in the 1820s that gave a major impetus to the later emergence of abolitionism as well as to such other reforming crusades as temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. By the early 1830s, Theodore D. Weld, William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Elizur Wright, Jr., all spiritually nourished by revivalism, had taken up the cause of "immediate emancipation."In early 1831, Garrison, in Boston, began publishing his famous newspaper, the Liberator, supported largely by free African-Americans, who always played a major role in the movement. In Dec... Free Essays on Us History Of Internet Free Essays on Us History Of Internet ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their propounding of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery's westward expansion that took form in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet these two expressions of hostility to slavery- abolitionism and Free-Soilism- were often closely related not only in their beliefs and their interaction but also in the minds of southern slaveholders who finally came to regard the North as united against them in favor of black emancipation.Although abolitionist feelings had been strong during the American Revolution and in the Upper South during the 1820s, the abolitionist movement did not coalesce into a militant crusade until the 1830s. In the previous decade, as much of the North underwent the social disruption associated with the spread of manufac turing and commerce, powerful evangelical religious movements arose to impart spiritual direction to society. By stressing the moral imperative to end sinful practices and each person's responsibility to uphold God's will in society, preachers like Lyman Beecher, Nathaniel Taylor, and Charles G. Finney in what came to be called the Second Great Awakening led massive religious revivals in the 1820s that gave a major impetus to the later emergence of abolitionism as well as to such other reforming crusades as temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. By the early 1830s, Theodore D. Weld, William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Elizur Wright, Jr., all spiritually nourished by revivalism, had taken up the cause of "immediate emancipation."In early 1831, Garrison, in Boston, began publishing his famous newspaper, the Liberator, supported largely by free African-Americans, who always played a major role in the movement. In Dec...

Analyzing Cross-sectional Data and Correlation and Regression Essay

Analyzing Cross-sectional Data and Correlation and Regression - Essay Example All this ratings indicated the level of customer satisfaction regarding our services. The rating according to our instructors indicated that out of 100 hundred participants 12 rated the services as bad, 35 of them rated the services as neither bad or good, 39 rated the services as good and only 14 of them rated our services as very good, the majority therefore rated our services good. This can be graphically represented as follows As graphically shown the mode is good, the graph is negatively skewed or skewed to the left meaning that the majority of the outcomes or observations are on the left of the graph, another notable observation is that none of the participants rated our instructors as very bad. Our services were also rated through the quality of equipments used, out of 100 participants 6 of them rated the quality of equipments as very bad, 25 of them rated the equipments as bad, 33 of them rated the equipments as neither bad nor good, 27 of them rated the equipments as good and only 9 rated the equipments as very good. Therefore the mode or the majority of the participants did not rate our services as bad or good regarding the quality of equipments, the mean of this observation was 3.08 and the standard error was 0.106059, the median and the mode were both 3, the results can be graphically represented as follows: According to the participants our services were also rated according to the range of facilities av... Therefore the mode or the majority of the participants did not rate our services as bad or good regarding the quality of equipments, the mean of this observation was 3.08 and the standard error was 0.106059, the median and the mode were both 3, the results can be graphically represented as follows: quality of any equipment used Frequency Very bad 6 Bad 25 Neither bad nor good 33 Good 27 Very Good 9 0 We can construct a 95% confidence interval as follows P(X - T Sx X + T Sx) = 95% P ((3.08 - 0.172572 (0.106059)) (3.08 + 0.172572(0.106059)) = 95% P ((3.0617) (3.183)) = 95% According to the participants our services were also rated according to the range of facilities available, out of 100 participants only one rated the range of facilities available as very bad, 6 rated the facilities as bad, 20 as neither good or bad and 38 rated the facilities as good, the rest rated them as very good. Therefore according to the rating of the range of facilities we offer, 73 participants rated them as good or very good. This is graphically shown below: The range of facilities available Frequency Very bad 1 Bad 6 Neither bad nor good 20 Good 38 Very Good 35 The mean was 4 and this shows that the average rated the range of equipments available as good; the mode was 4 which indicate that the majority of the participants rated the equipments as good. In the case where the mode, the median and mean are equal, the distribution assumes an asymmetric or bell shape where both deviations from the mean are identical, the negative value of skew ness indicates that the distribution is skewed to the left, the standard error of this observation was 0.094281 and

Dimensions of organisation structure & Technology Research Paper

Dimensions of organisation structure & Technology - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, Toyota experiences considerable difficulties with delegating its power to national plant branch representatives and managers. As a result, the effectiveness of change management and organizational processes within Toyota has little to do with technologies per se but implies the need to restructure the company’s organizational culture and values from the bottom. Toyota Motor Corporation is rightly considered as a gold standard of the automotive industry and a role model for other car manufacturers to follow (Bauer & Erdogan 2009). Organizational structure is believed to be one of the key factors of Toyota’s sustained commercial success. Even as its competitors were losing billions because of the recession, Toyota still managed to retain its position of a leader in the global car making industry. Recent advances in technologies contribute to Toyota’s organizational achievements and success. The organizational structure of Toyota is that of innovation, technologies, and change (Leonard 1997). With an emphasis made on just-in-time manufacturing, teamwork, and complex enterprise architectures, Toyota relies â€Å"on a series of interrelated and internally consistent choices that reflect the priorities and trade-offs in its competitive situation and strategy† (Hayes & Pisano 1994, p.18). Technologies predetermine the organiz ational structure and development pathways in Toyota; nonetheless, they do not secure the company from organizational and structural failures. That technologies are at the heart of the company’s organizational structure cannot be denied. Everything within the Toyota Corporation is built on the principles of just-in-time production (JIT). The latter is closely aligned with complex information systems and, simultaneously, guarantees that all elements of the company’s organizational structure operate to deliver raw materials and supplies at the time they are needed and used (Bauer & Erdogan 2009). JIT

An analysis of Danish culture and tradition

An analysis of Danish culture and tradition My great, great grandfather, Paul Christian Lautrup, a single, caucasian man of 35, migrated from Denmark to the United States. He came from a wealthy family originating in the Danish culture and was educated to become an architect. He was expected to continue in the occupation that his nuclear family had persuaded him to train for in order to be kept in the family will. If he were to move away and not pursue the career that had been expected of him, he would be removed from the family will and lose all his inheritance. Against his familys wishes, he chose to leave Denmark to escape their career demands and to pursue his own interest. He moved to the United States in 1880 to follow his dream of becoming an actor. He made Washington DC his home, where he met his wife Delia whom he had 6 sons with. Unfortunately, he did not succeed in becoming an actor and settled for becoming an architect in the US. This is rather ironic, because he ended up moving away from Denmark and losing all his inheritance only to become an architect in another land. (Lautrup, Paul). Denmark is a small nation nestled within the Scandinavian countries located on the European continent. Denmark, also known as the Kingdom of Denmark, has a tiny population of roughly 5.3 million citizens with only a 69km land border that is shared with Germany; this is the only land connection that Denmark has with Europe through its only peninsula and largest region, called Jutland. Also, Denmarks main realm has 5 major islands, which support most of Denmarks population, accompanied by 406 minor islands. Only around 90 of the 406 minor islands of Denmark are known to be inhabited. Also, Greenland and the Faroe Islands are part of the Kingdom of Denmark. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) They are both located in the Atlantic Ocean and considered to be autonomous regions within the Kingdom of Denmark; both have very small populations under 100,000 citizens. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark and is the nations largest city. Copenhagen is also the biggest and most modern city in all of Scandinavia. Scandinavia includes the countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Over 70% of Denmarks population lives in an urban environment, while most of the population consists of people of Danish ethnicity, although there are a growing number of immigrants from Asian and African nations. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The North Sea is to the west of Denmark and the Baltic Sea is to its east. Denmark is separated by its northern, neighboring, Scandinavian nations of Norway and Sweden by the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits. Sweden, the second closest neighbor to the Danes is cut off from Denmark by only 5km of water named the Oresund strait. Denmarks climate is humid and chilly during the winter, with an average temperature of 34 degrees F and during the drier, summer months, the temperature averages 72 degrees F. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Denmark has gently rolling hills with fertile soil that are at a close range to sea level with no true mountains throughout the nation. There are many lakes, rivers, streams and moors, which create an ideal environment for agricultural prospects. There are no extreme changes in climate due to the Gulf Stream that flows up from the south over Denmarks western borders. Since the land is accessible to the sea, it is a prominent supplier to the ship industry is Northern Europe. Denmark has no point on its land that is more than an hours drive from the sea. There are numerous bays and inlets, which creates gainful opportunity for their prosperous shipping industries. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some especially important Danish landmarks include: The Tivoli Park, the most popular amusement park in Denmark, Fredericksborg Castle, and The Royal Theater. Hans Christian Andersen, known for his fairytales with relatable moral teachings and Karen Blixen, known for short tales and life memoir are among many famous writers of Danish literature. Soccer is Denmarks national sport, but sailing, cycling and rowing are also Danish favorites. The national language is Danish, although, many Danes can speak English and/or German at least on elementary levels. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The Krone is the source of Denmarks monetary exchange and the Euro has not yet been accepted, due to the nations suspicions that switching over to the Euro will have a detrimental effect on their beloved social welfare system, which the citizens of Denmark take great comfort in. Denmark maintains the oldest continual monarchy in Europe and the second oldest in the world. Queen Margrethe II is the current Queen and head of the constitutional monarchy in Denmark. She is only the second queen to rule the monarchy throughout the entire history of Denmark. The Danish community is very proud of their form of government, their royal family and their Dannebrog, which is their national flag. Danes are not a people who are easily insulted, but one way to offend them would be to criticize anything concerning their Dannebrog, royal family or form of government. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The subsistence strategy relied upon most in Denmark today is information. Higher education, the promotion of environmentally green solutions, literature and the fine arts are all very important to the Danish people. (Bendure, Glena, and Ned Friary) Over 77.3% of the jobs held by Danes are part of the information subsistence strategy through service-related jobs. (CIA The World Factbook) Since education is paid for by the heavy taxes the Danish people submit to, it is financially obtainable for anyone with high enough scores to continue their education into any of Denmarks universities. There are 5 universities for the citizens to choose from which include: Copenhagen, Roskilde, Odense, Aaloborg and Arhus Universities. Queene Margrethe II and her son, Crowned Prince Frederik are graduates of the elite Arhus University. Danes also have the option of continuing their education by attending community colleges or vocational technical schools. Some of the occupations that Danes are going to school for include: maritime studies, nursing, physicists, architects, social services, literature, history, religion, photography, teaching or various other information service occupations. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) These jobs all rely on technology and tools such as computers, cameras, high-tech printers, internet connections, satellites, sterilized medical equipment, body-image scanners, reference texts, cell phones, writing utensils, specialized uniforms and printers are just a few examples of the many advanced tools that are necessary for these various fields of information subsistence strategies. For example, a teacher would use tools such as a blackboard, a computer projector, chalk, erasers, videos, books and printers in order to relay information to teach her class a particular subject. Of course, these types of tools and technology are used all over the nation in rural and urban areas, but perhaps slightly more in the densely populated regions. Division of labor can be divided up in a number of ways in regards to the information subsistence strategy. For example, a dean of a college may oversee that the college professors are following the guidelines for teaching classes from the code of ethics in their employee handbooks. The professors oversee the progress of skills and information learned by his/her students. The students attempt to maintain good grades in their class by completing all their schoolwork to the best of their ability. Division of labor usually depends on the socioeconomic status and education acquired. However, in Danish society, social caste or social status does not create an obstacle in regards to whom can do what type of career. The citizens have a silent understanding amongst one another that every individual within the nation is important and should not be treated differently whether the citizen is a doctor or a trash man. The opportunity to pursue an information career is equally welcome to men and women; gender does not hinder occupational roles in Danish society. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The second most important subsistence strategy amongst Danish society is industrialism in which some 20.2% of the population is employed. (CIA The World Factbook) Some examples of the products manufactured are ships, boats, ceramics, silverware, furniture, chemicals, paper, fish products, dairy products, canned ham, electronics, textiles, concrete, marine engines, radio and communication equipment, toys, glass, pharmaceuticals, agriculture/forestry machinery, electrical products and diesel engines. Most of the industrial facilities that produce these Danish goods are located in more urbanized areas throughout the country. Many of these products require special skills used by laborers that have been trained at either a vocational school or through a type of apprenticeship training program paid for by the Danish government. Particular tools and equipment are necessary for creating these products that can include: pulleys, compressors, mixers, castes, hammers, nails, scissors, ovens, k ilns, saws, test tubes, Bunsen burners, beakers, glue, electrical wiring, assembling machines, counting machines, computers, charts, slicing equipment, turbines, converters, nets, sails, anchors, food processors, milking machines and generators. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) For instance, if a plant is producing paper products, large, metal rollers, would need to be used in order to press the paper into the desired thickness. Also, mixers would be used to stir and prepare the paper pulp in order to pour it into the appropriate screening containers. A specialized machine would be necessary to wrap the finished paper product for distribution and sale. Distribution of labor depends on experience, skill level and seniority of the workers involved in the particular industry. Owners of factories and heads of departments oversee the quality and efficiency of production, which is reported from the supervisors. Supervisors organize, direct and monitor manual labor workers in their duties. Manual labor workers attempt to create products at a company-desired rate and quality, while not bearing the responsibility of their overseeing their co-workers. The third of the most important subsistence strategies used in Denmark consists of agriculture. The main products grown in The Kingdom of Denmark include: sugar beets, barely and wheat, grains, rapeseed, fruits, vegetables and flowers. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Agriculture is most commonly practiced by only 2.5% of the population and is normally achieved in rural areas of the country. (CIA The World Factbook) Training apprenticeship programs and information passed down through family generations are used to teach agricultural methods. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some technologies used for agriculture include items such as combines, separating machinery, generators, irrigation systems, planting machinery, tractors, plows, fertilizing distributors, storage units and computers for analyzing crop quantity and quality. Irrigation systems are used to water the large expanse of crops, plows are used to till the land for preparation of planting seeds and computers are used to keep record of seasonal harvest yields and perhaps even profit margins. There are over 60,000 family-owned farms in Denmark (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) and the division of labor is shared by the family and or corporation that own the farms along with the hired employees who are used for cleaning and fixing equipment, sorting crops, running machinery, irrigation and maintaining the health of the crops. The family or corporation of the agricultural operation oversees the employees or hires a supervisor(s) to ensure that the agricultural laborers are working efficiently. The supervisors or owners of a farm may calculate the quantity of crop and the value it yields per season. The agricultural land owners or supervisors also may keep track of the laborers improvement or lack of effort on the job. The farm laborers will tend to any manual labor that the agricultural operation needs completed while only having to be responsible for their individual production. The division of labor in agriculture is based mostly on skill, seniority and ownership. The fourth most important subsistence strategy in Denmark is pastoralism of which is included in the 2.5% of the nations population that maintains a career in agriculture. (CIA The World Factbook) The animal goods raised and produced in the Kingdom of Denmark include: canned ham, butter, cheese, fish oil, fish meal and milk through the use of fish hatcheries and typically family-owned farms. As in the agricultural subsistence strategy, pastoralism is either passed down through families or learned through an apprenticeship training program. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some tools used for pastoralism include: fences, watering/feeding troughs, barns, herding rods, milking machines, slaughtering equipment, medical tools, labels, hoof clippers, lead ropes, halters, hoses, generators, heaters and computers. Fences are used to keep the livestock confined to a desired location, animals are put in barns to protect them from predators and the occasional harsh outdoor elements and heaters may be used in the barns to keep a sustained temperature that is more suitable for the livestocks health. As in the agricultural subsistence strategy in Denmark, the division of labor amongst workers in pastoralism is based on skill level, seniority and ownership. For example, the owner of a herd of swine may hire a supervisor or herd manager in order to keep track of the manual laborers and also the efficiency of herd quality, health and maintenance. The owner of the swine operation may calculate yearly profits, upkeep costs and decide what to pay employees based on their skill levels. The employees without management skills, the hired hands or basic herd tenders will be responsible only for the safety, feeding and order of their set group of livestock that they are to have authority over. Denmark has a centralized political organization and maintains a constitutional monarchy as a political model. A constitutional monarchy can only be led by offspring of the current king or queen after he or she is deceased. It is a requirement for the king or queen of Denmark to be a member of the national church. A single-chamber parliamentary runs hand-in-hand with the constitutional monarchy. The prime minister, currently known as Lars Lokke Rasmussen, leads Denmarks political organization with the indirect support of all 179 parliament members and direct assistance from the cabinet ministers who lead numerous political departments throughout the nation. Voting age in Denmark is 18 and all parliament members are elected for a term of 4 years, unless state minister forces a new election before the 4 years is completed. It is the duty of the members of parliament to come to consensus on decisions to enact or not enact new legislation and the duty of the prime minister to carry the d ecision to action, however new legislation cannot be enacted fully until Queen Margrethe II writes her finalizing signature on it. There are typically around 12 political parties that make up the single-chamber parliamentary system of the Danes. The top 2 of these major political parties consist of Social Democrats and Liberals-a right-of-centre part. Social Democrats seem to be the most popular considering the fact that they are tied heavily to the belief that all Danish citizens should be granted security by maintaining the comforts of social-welfare programs, but of course, these are safety features only made possible by very high taxes to the Danish people. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The royal constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Margrethe II has control of the executive powers, while legislative powers are for the most part, granted to the parliament and judicial powers are carried out by the courts of Denmark. Denmarks military branches include: a home guard, an air force, a navy and a national rescue corps. Military members are usually enlisted for 4 months to a year of service. During war times, the Danish military acquires 58,000 members, but during peace times, there are roughly fifteen thousand participating members. The Danish military ranks are usually based on mandatory enrollment in order to be ready when an emergency arises. Denmarks police force has about 10,000 law enforcement officers who are known for their more civilized, calmer approaches to domestic disputes by using advanced communication skills and maintaining close, positive relationships with the overall communities they work in. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) One form of internal political control in Denmark is the enforcement of laws through the judiciary court systems. Although, crime in Denmark is very low and it is not normal for a Dane to even consider breaking the basic laws of the land. An example of externalized political control would be the decision of the Danish Parliament to not accept the Euro as Denmarks new currency, even though Denmark is a member of the European Union. Internalized political responsibilities of Denmarks parliament involve the maintenance of social welfare programs that protect all Danish citizens regardless of socioeconomic status. The externalized responsibility of the parliament consists of maintaining peaceful political connections with the European Union and other nations in regards to preserving a secure way of life for its citizens and also keeping a cohesive relationship with national allies for added protection. After all, Denmark is a very small nation and it would be beneficial to preserve as mu ch peace with as many nations as possible. (Bendure, Glena, and Ned Friary) The economic system of Denmark is based on negative reciprocity due to the use of capitalism throughout the nation. Capitalism is used by the Danes to generate profit through sales of products from private businesses and corporations to customers. Redistribution is also used throughout the Danish culture in the form of health care and educational needs. Danish pay high taxes that allow them to enjoy the freedoms of free health care and education of any type. This allows the Danish citizens to give and take as they need, for example, all citizens are taxed regardless of how much income they generate, but it is possible that not all of them will use the free education opportunities or the free health care services during their lifetimes. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Market exchange is also used through capitalism in Denmark in regards to having the freedom to set up a private business and gain profit from it without limit, which is a prime example of capitalistic market exchange. Denmark uses both socialism and capitalism, but the predominant economic system would have to be capitalism. This is true, because Danes are free to pursue their own interests through careers that will allow them to generate profit without limit to the individual. Although, socialism is prevalent in the way Denmark controls and maintains social welfare for the citizens in order to provide free and easily accessible, equal-quality health care and education to all Danish citizens regardless of social or economic status, gender, religion or ethnicity. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The primary economic sector, which involves extraction of resources form the land, also known as mainly agriculture in Denmark, makes up 2.5% Danish employment. (CIA The World Factbook) A few of Denmarks exports consist of canned ham, butter, cheeses, beer and processed fish products of which are brought forth through agriculture, pastoralism and industry. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The nations secondary economic sector, which involves processing of goods, also known as industry makes up 20.2% of the Danish workforce. (CIA The World Factbook) Denmark manufactures machinery, chemicals, furniture, electronics of which are exported all over the world. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The tertiary economic sector, which involves services, makes up 77.3% of the working Danish population. (CIA The World Factbook) A few of Denmarks popular service industry jobs are found in the fields of architecture, nursing, teaching, physics, environmental science, literature and social sciences. Denmark enjoys the highest Gross Domestic Product in Europe and maintains one of the highest standards of living for its citizens compared to all nations in the world. Unemployment is very low and over half the country is employed with the reassurance that health care and education will not be a challenge to pay for. Denmark relies heavily on the income from its exports and puts a great deal of value on maintaining its social welfare programs. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Denmarks most common religious organization is Evangelical Lutheran, of which over 90% of Danish citizens belong to. Evangelical Lutheran is a denomination that is part of a national church, supported by the state called the Danish Peoples Church. Only about 5% of Danish people actually attend church weekly; most Danes only participate in church services during important religious holidays such as Christmas or Easter. Evangelical Lutheranism is a monotheistic religion, which means that they worship only one god. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Other religious organizations that exist in Denmark consist of Catholicism, Judaism and Islam, which also practice monotheism. Also, a small percentage practice forms of religious organizations such as Buddhism, Sikhism and Hinduism, which promote polytheism, the worship of many gods. It is ironic that the overall Danish society does not have a strong faith in the god or gods of their religious choice, yet at birth most of the country is automatically enrolled as a member of the national church, also known as the Danish Peoples Church. Their enrollment is expected unless they belong to a religion other than Evangelical Lutheran. It is a requirement that the current king or queen of Denmark be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran religious organization. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Danish churches are typically located in close proximity to all Danish towns and are encompassed by graveyards. Evangelical Lutheran religious organizations have sermons and worship in churches on Sundays. Their ceremonies include a minister, a servant, an organist and a cantor. Evangelical Lutheran important ritualistic ceremonies include: weddings, confirmations, funerals and baptisms. It is expected that most Danish churches have fairly low attendance rates during Sunday services. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Throughout the Danish social organization, monogamy, the practice of marriage to single spouse, is the most accepted and nationally predominant form of union. Marriage is important in regards to the most common form of religion in Denmark, Evangelical Lutheranism, yet because Danes are not known for being highly involved in the practices of their religious organizations, there is a loose view on marriage and when it should be chosen, if at all. It is common for a Dane to cohabitate for years, have offspring and not be married until many years after. Therefore, it is not uncommon for Danish households to have illegitimate children born outside of wedlock. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) If Danes do decide to marry, it is usually not until they are in their very late twenties or early thirties. Danes do not participate in arranged marriages, an event where parents choose a marriage partner for offspring, instead, single Danes choose their own marriage partners through the anthropological term love match. Endogamy, marriage created within ones own organized cultural group, is practiced in Denmark as well as exogamy, marriage outside ones own organized cultural group. Most often, Danes marry other Danes of their own ethnicity, yet those who choose to marry outside of Denmark or ones ethnicity is not condemned within the Danish societal organization. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Post-marital residence, pertaining to where a bride and groom reside after their marriage ceremony, only pertains to the Danish societal organization in the sense that marriage partners typically practice neolocal forms. A neolocal form of post-marital residence can be defined as the event of taking residence in a home that is set apart from the married couples families. Other forms of post-marital residence, such as patrilocal, the act of a married couple living close to or with the married males family of his father, or matrilocal, the practice of both marriage partners residing with or in close proximity to the married females family of her mother, are not commonly practiced. Marriage in modern Denmark societal organization, is not required, nor is it a high priority. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Therefore, post-marital residence is not of great importance, It is only on a neolocal sense, considering that Danes learn to be very independent at a very early age, while maintaining a close-knit family on an emotional level. The most important family type for Danes is the nuclear families containing dependent children, a wife and a husband. Even though the idea of marriage in the Danish societal organization is very loose and laid-back, out of all couples living together in Denmark, most of them are in fact married. Extended family, consisting of aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents and other individuals with marriage or blood relating them, are also important, but not as high a priority as the nuclear family. Most Danish nuclear families are small, having two or less dependant offspring. Privacy is valued greatly by Danes, especially when it comes to the nuclear familys home. It is rare for a Danish family to invite a guest to their home whom they have not known for a great while . (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Each of the nuclear family members generally has their own private room in the home along with the rooms for meeting, such as the kitchen and larger family rooms. In Denmarks societal organization, descent is traced by using a lineage, which is used by connecting all ancestors back to a single, original ancestor. Descent in Denmark is traced in this way, because last names are important links to ancestry. Although last names are taken from the male within a married couple, patrilineal descent, tracing only by acknowledging male individuals as ancestors, is not used, because all genders are included when tracing Danish ancestry. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) When referring to kin, relatives connected by marriage or blood, Danish citizens value ties with both the mothers and the fathers side of the family, which is called bilateral kinship. Bilateral kinship is important for Danes, because both nuclear and extended family, regardless of mother or fathers side, builds a cohesive unit of strength emotionally, sometimes financially and offers support that is not commonly expected outside of family ties. National polls and summaries do not generally include information in regards to socio-economic classes, instead Denmarks citizens are divided up into 5 social layers. These social layers consist of subcategories within each layer. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) The first social layer consists of corporate owners, employees of the educational system and anyone that has over 50 workers. The second social layer involves academically professional owners of businesses, agricultural owners with at least 4 employees and corporate owners that have over 6 workers. The third social layer includes small business owners, individuals with employment that calls for special skills and agricultural owners with a limit of 3 workers. The fourth social layer is made up of employees containing academic training, owners of small plots of land and experienced employees. The fifth social layer consists of employees with no special skills or experience. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Denmark, as a social organization, is very tolerant of other peoples ways of perceiving life and is considered to be outgoing and well-educated. Danes are very accepting of homosexual marriage and equality of the sexes. Denmark was the first European nation to allow for legal gay marriages within its borders offering homosexuals the majority of rights granted to straight married couples. Danes are very conscientious when it comes to preserving a clean, toxic-free environment. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) A recent news article summarizes a protest put on by Greenpeace activists at the Environment Ministry in Denmark. This article was used for this research paper, because Danes are very involved in environmental policies in regards to keeping the planet as clean and sustainable as possible. The article was personally interesting, because Denmark is one of the most environmentally conscious nations on the planet and I was curious to see how they react to the disposing of harmful waste products. The Greenpeace activists were protesting the transport of a poisonous pollutant called HCB from an Australian company named Orica. The Kommunekemi in Nyborg, Denmark is one of a small number of companies in the world that is able to incinerate the hazardous carcinogen, HCB. The Greenpeace activists argued that hazardous waste materials should be incinerated closer to the point to which they are processed. This is just one of many examples of the Danish cultures desire for a cleaner and greener pl anet. (Greenpeace Goes Aloft to Protest Transport from Down Under) Danes are also known to love their most famous amusement park, Tivoli. This amusement park is located in Copenhagen and is the most popular attraction in Denmark. The park was built in 1914 and maintains a dà ©cor and cuisine that is based on the historical, traditional Danish culture of the time the park first opened. Some Danes pay the parks entry cost just to eat at a few of the thirty-seven restaurants within the park. The park has roller coasters, games, gardens and various amusements and entertainment. (Copenhagen, Denmark) Danish people are in love with the concept of social gatherings combined with eating and the two almost always go hand-in-hand. It is customary for a Danish household to always have tea, chocolates, pastries and cheese just in case guests arrive unexpectedly. Their meals often consist of three or more courses and it is considered a crime to oneself to not savor and take time to enjoy ones meal. Danes love rich, whole foods of which often include broiled or marinated fish, thick and creamy cheeses, hearty breads, substantial gravies and delectable deserts. Hot tea is often served with milk and honey and it is customary to leave the last bit of food in a main communal dish when eating. This is a symbolic action of politeness to show that nobody is selfish or rushed during the meal. The Danish culture is known for being one of the happiest cultures on earth. They are generally friendly, warm and open to communication with strangers. Recently, Denmark has incorporated many American concepts, products, stores and fast-food conveniences into their societal organization. Unfortunately, they are also gaining a few of the health problems that are associated with the introduction of American culture into their nation. However, despite the Danes cultural borrowing, they still have a strong sense of uniqueness through a proud society that shows compassion for its citizens and welcomes visitors. (Waldron, Julie)

Role of Marketing Staff

The Role of the Marketing Staff DONALD R. LONGMAN Business management [S increasingly dependent upon marketing to gain enduring competitive advantage. This article describes the rich opportunities for success presented by a change rn the approach to marketing stafF work and acquisition of professional personnel for it. GREAT DEAL has been written in recent years about the marketing concept. We may expect to see much more; for competition in American industry is increasingly centered in marketing-. This is a substantial change from the situation only a few decades ago. Success then hung on creative skill in evolving substantially new types of products, new production processes, new efficiency systems. Each step forward in these areas produced relatively strong and enduring competitive advantages. This is much less true today. Mass training of skilled research and development men and of production engineers, increased mobility of manpower, and mass communication at the professional level have all served to spread technological know-how with amazing speed. Competitors employ research men and engineers of parallel training, professional contact, and skill. If one company's team seems relatively inept in the competitive battle, it is still possible to call upon a superior group of consulting engineers for help while a new team is being built. Under these conditions, competitors quickly identify and match successful innovations made by any company in their field. They may even improve on the original innovator's ideas. It would be vain to suppose that even such corporate giants as Esso, U. S. Steel, or^ General Motors could gain and hold for long a major competitive advantage in product or manufacturing process. Indeed, it has become common practice to grant licenses to competitors on a royalty basis, thus removing technical innovations as a basis of competitive advantage in the market. Competitive Opportunities It^ is this comparative equality in production skills that is forcing a shift in the weight of competition to marketing. Marketing is still a relatively unexplored area. Our customers are so many, so scattered, and so nonhomogeneous in nature and in demands that they are difficult to understand. We are not even sure how we can best serve them economically and efficiently. Changes are still commonplace among big, well-established companies in such basic elements as channels of distribution, discount systems, warehousing arrangements, and service policies. Such changes grow as much out of uncertainty and insecurity m marketing decision as out of changes in the market itself or m marketing institutions. Marketing offers a rich area of opportunity for competitive advantage, richer today than that offered by any other phase of business. But if a company is to seize this opportunity, a lot has to be done. 29 30 Journal of Marketing, July, 1962 Requirements for Efficient Marketing 1. A Sound Understanding of the Market First, it is essential to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the market itself. This is a matter of getting the facts, completely and accurately. One has to know the exact size of the market and its geographical distribution. One must know who make up the market, the numbers and kinds of people. Where do they buy, in what quantities, how often, why? What products are available for them to choose among? What are their characteristics, their prices, tbeir patterns of distribution? What are the products used for, what satisfactions do they provide? Why is one brand chosen over nother; and why do people change in their choices? There is so much that needs to be known, and known well. How else can we think constructively of the marketing process until we have a solid grasp of the facts, a sure sense of perspective? The truth is that little effort to think constructively about marketing was made during the decades when competitive success was estab lished by production efforts. Systematic collection and analysis of marketing facts have been undertaken, even by the largest and most progressive companies, only during the last fifteen or twenty years. Indeed, the evolution of marketing, research may serve as n index of the shift in competitive pressure toward marketing. We possess today the tools and techniques for acquiring quickly and efficiently almost all the basic data necessary to provide executives with a sound perspective in marketing. Yet marketing research is still inadequately utilized; there is ample room even now for a company to gain major marketing advantages over competitors simply by superior knowledge of the facts of the business. The 10,000 professional marketing research men today are probably not a third of the number we may expect when marketing has been developed to a peak of fficiency comparable to production. 2. Innovation The second requisite to superior marketing lies in innovation. There is no progress in acceptance of routine, in copying competitive practices, in turgid operation. Indeed, in the fiuid environment of marketing, with changes in policies, practices, and procedures borne no more of creative thought than of uncertainty, the well thought out, tested innovations may prove extremely rewarding. We must be prepared to consider alterations, often radical changes, in methods and policies. We must become creative, cultivating a flexibility of mind that seeks and considers ew approaches. We must be prepared to reexamine the basic premises upon which our policies rest. We must begin to ask the fundamental questions and to fix them in our mind, looking, looking always for new answers. There exists a unit expected to devise and explore new ideas in the production area. It is supposed to suggest innovations, to challenge current practices. It is staffed with men of imagination, men of specialized education, men whose minds are constantly stirred and challenged by contacts with ba sic research scientists in our universities, foundations, and government units. They are in continuous ontact with other professionals throughout the country, often in other countries, and are constantly stimulated by the ideas and exploratory efforts they encounter in a wide variety of industries. They are Research and Development men. There is no comparable unit in marketing, even in companies whose marketing costs far exceed manufacturing costs. The nearest marketing pai'- allel'is to be found in advertising agencies. These owe their independent existence to the very fact that creative imagination and innovation are obviously essential to advertising; and even the largest advertisers do not provide in their marketing rganizations a climate conductive to high quality creative work. But the advertising agency is concerned fundamentally with only one of many marketing activities. It is not well equipped to serve as the creative arm for the entire marketing function. It is not paid e nough to do the job; nor is the company advertising manager who works with the agency so positioned in his own company that he could spark the creative effort for the entire Marketing Department. This means that a new and different unit is needed to function within the company itself. It must be staffed with men of creative minds, trained n seeing and exploring possibilities not clear to others. They need to be observers of marketing in all of industry, stirred and challenged by professional association with creative men in universities, consulting firms, everywhere that pioneering thought g-oes on. They must imagine, synthesize ideas, experiment systematically. They may be engineers exploring the application of operations research to warehousing. They may be psychologists studying the foundations of sales- †¢ ABOUT THE AUTHOR. Donald Longman is Vice President and Director of Research for the J. Walter Thompson Company, New York. He is President f the American Marlteting Associ ation and Chairman of the International Marketing Federation. In earlier years Dr. Longman was a university professor and a government executive. He has held senior positions in business in both line and staff capacities. He is the author of a number of books and articles. The Role of the Marketing Staff 31 men's or dealers' morale and motivation. They may be marketing researchers probing ways to break old consumer buying habits and build new ones. They may be systematically testing consumer responses to a range of product styles, flavors, or scents. They must be the Marketing R and D. . Scientific Approach to Decision Making The third major requisite to superior marketing lies in hard-headed, scientific decision making. This requires a solid grasp of the facts of a business through research and through experience. More important, it requires imagination, perceptiveness, thoroughness, objectivity, analytical skill, and emotional stability. Few people acquire all these traits in the normal course of their lives; our marketing executives today introduce large portions of emotion, hunch, habit, and haste in their judgments. But needed qualities can be developed as a matter of explicit training. In increasing measure they are being developed in the best of our Schools of Business. Decision making is extraordinarily complex in the marketing field. When decision is required between alternative policies or procedures, it is necessary first to grasp fully and completely the exact nature of the alternatives and all their implications. It may seem simple, for example, to select a brand name for a new product; but this is only true for one who does not know both the values and dangers in a name. A name can convey a sense of quality, lend itself to easy recall, facilitate effective advertising, express values to be received in use; n sum, it can secure a privileged competitive position to its owner. Or it can be easily ridiculed or played upon, fail of copyright, be subject to confusion with other names, and so on. In truth, there are scores of facts to consider in selecting names, a wide variety of criteria to employ in judgment. There is a lot at stake. If this is true of names, i magine how much more true this is of issues concerning pricing, packaging, discount systems, employment and motivation of salesmen, advertising themes, and so on and on. Each issue must be studied objectively, its implications uncovered. All the facts relevant to ecision must be marshalled. The possible effects of alternative courses must be weighed. Experimentation or testing may be considered. This is the slow, arduous, but hard-headed and scientific approach to decision making. This is the way to confident action, desirable any time but mandatory when significantly new, creative innovations are put into effect. Those of us privileged to have close contact with marketing management over the past twenty years have seen a slow but steady progress toward this kind of decision making. Arbitrary, hasty, â€Å"seatof- the-pants† decisions based on hunch, enthusiasm, nd personal preferment for the individual advocates of one course are becoming less common. Yet there remains much room for improvement in decision making today. 4. Efficient Administration The fourth requisite to marketing success lies in efficient administration—the daily execution of policy and practice, the employment of facilities and men, the operating job. This is the field of marketing performance, so obviously necessary that it could not be overlooked. Here the need is for inspiring leadership of men, operating drive, astute supervision of performance in every detail, the building and aintenance of a morale that instills a motivation in the doers of the marketing job. Broadly speaking, marketing can claim credit for superior performance in this area; it has been given thought and attention at a senior business management level. By the same token, it is the marketing requisite least rich in opportunities for improvement and, therefore, least likely to yield a competitive advantage in marketing. The very obviousness of the need for sound administration has tended to obscure the nee d for the other three basic requisites in marketing—a full understanding of the market itself; the development f creative, new ideas or innovations; the making of decisions on a hard-headed, scientific basis. Administration is a big job, involving, the employment and supervision of hundreds, even thousands, of people, as well as the purchase, maintenance, and operation of equipment and facilities of countless kinds. And the huge expenditures for marketing lie under the administrator's control. Small wonder, then, that marketing administration was equated with all of marketing, until increasing competitive equality in other areas forced people to study more seriously the nature of the marketing function. Sound administration is a fundamental component of marketing, but is far from all of it. It is the operation of a gigantic â€Å"machine. † This marketing machine works on the materials provided it, and under the policies and procedures set for it. The machine operator, skilled as he may be in his function, is rarely qualified alone to conceive, test, and decide upon new ideas, on new policies and procedures. He is not an innovator. He is not a researcher. He is not a trained and objective decision maker. These are different problems, requiring skills and training different from his, perhaps even a different temperament. A New Organization of the Marketing Function The slowly growing recognition that marketing management requires much more than administra32 Journal of Marketing, July, 1962 tive skill has led our largest and most progressive companies to bring a new kind of man to the Marketing Vice Presidency. He tends to be more thoughtful, sometimes skilled more in handling ideas than in handling men. He is more objective, analytical, less emotionally involved in his assignment. He has begun demanding research—searching for ideas, thinking of both â€Å"strategy and tactics. † The basic administrative management of arketing, the line operating responsibility, is being delegated to a subordinate General Sales Manager or Director of Field Sales Activities. Concurrently, staff departments in marketing have grown in number and influence. New units have appeared. We now have Product Managers, Marketing Operations Managers, Research Managers, along with the older Advertising and Credit Mana gers. Even Marketing Accounting and Marketing Personnel Managers may serve as members of the Marketing Stafif. Functions and Operation of the Marketing Staff The functions of these several staff groups have not been clearly crystallized as yet. Broadly speaking. , most of them are supposed to study all phases of the company's marketing operations in the area of their specialization; keep the Marketing Vice President closely posted on trends and developments in their areas; check performance efficiency; and recommend policy or procedure changes when they seem needed. Thus, the Product Manager for a particular product keeps closely informed on all competitive conditions affecting his product, observes regional and district sales performance on the product, notes obstacles to sales success, and proposes means of overcoming them. The Operations Manager concerns imself with the supply, maintenance, and efficient performance of all physical facilities, stores, warehouses, delivery systems, etc. As a superior specialist in this area, he advises the Marketing Vice President on ways to improve efficiency and service, and to cut operating costs. The same kind of work is done by the Credit Manager, the Marketing Accounting and Personn el Managers, and the Advertising and Sales Promotion Manager. Collectively, the staff managers cover all the difiierent functions in marketing. When these Departments were set up, it was natural, of course, to staff them with young men ho had proved themselves successful in the company's marketing activities. So, they were drawn from the ranks of the administrators. Generally this is still true, for this is the logical source of men and these jobs are still not clearly enough defined to suggest the need to look elsewhere. But this will change, indeed is in the process of change. It is not enough for the Product Manager or Operations Manager to serve as an observer of operations, to be an administrative second-guesser in a particular area of specialty. This would be a most routine approach to a job, unworthy of senior personnel. Rather, the staff Manager and his assistants must use their advantageous positions to acquire all relevant information affecting their functions. They must assimilate, analyze, and evaluate these data constructively. They must add to this, the stimulus of wide-ranging contact and observation of their industry and of many others. They must cultivate a flexibility of mind inviting new ideas. They must become creative—considering all manner of policies, procedures, activities which can add to marketing opportunities or improve service and increase efficiency. They must develop and explore their creative deas, testing mentally or in the market place those which seem most promising. In handling such tasks, they develop habits of thoroughness and objectivity, making scores of decisions on the basis of a scientific approach. They are truly staff experts— observing, creating, testing, recommending ways of doing their part of the marketing job better than it has been done before . This is the basic job of the Product Manager. Concentrating all energies on the one product or product line for which he bears responsibility, it is his job to conceive new and better ways to market it. His work may lead to recommended product odifications, package changes, price or distribution revisions. He may study advertising, promotion, guarantees, and service, and come up with new recommendations. He is the innovator, the preliminary decision maker, working from intimate knowledge of all relevant facts. The same is true of the Marketing Operations Manager. He is studying the nature and design of his retail outlets, the number and location of warehouses, the packing and order-filling system, the volume and distribution of inventories. He has scores of subjects to study, each offering opportunities for significant improvement. If he can nly conceive a better type of retailing equipment for his stores, a better system of truck scheduling, a finer system of production-distribut ion coordination, he can strengthen his company's competitive position and add to its profits, just as can the Research and Development Manager or the Production Manager. What is true of Product and Operations Managers is just as true of the Advertising, Sales Promotion, and Public Relations Managers. It is just as true of the Marketing Personnel Manager. By use of cost analysis, the Marketing Accounting Manager can make significant contributions to policy on reas of operation, channels of distribution, a quantity discount system, and a hundred other things. We need an explicit, articulated understanding that this is the job of the Staff Manager. We need The Role of the Marketing Staff 33 to recognize formally, and afiirmatively that innovation and scientific decision making is the particular province of these men . . . that collectively they represent a kind of R and D for Marketing. The Staff as Professionals When this is done, we will have a very different set of specifications f or men to fill these jobs. They must possess keenly analytical but highly fiexible minds. They must be imaginative, creative. They must be objective, thorough, trained in the scientific approach to problems. They must know the rudiments of collection, assimilation, and evaluation of data. They must be well informed, with wide contacts in industry and education. In a word, they must be professionals. Broadly speaking, this is the kind of background and training we find most often today in marketingresearch men and consultants. This implies that in time most senior staff positions in marketing will be research positions. After all, research, viewed broadly, is nothing more than the systematic, horough, objective examination of a problem; the orderly acquisition of all relevant data bearing upon it; and the meaningful, creative evaluation of the data in terms of conclusions and recommendations. This is, indeed, what is expected of Marketing Staff Managers. With further passage of time, however, the specific functions of marketing research will be narrowed. Today anyone engag ed in simple fact gathering may be called a research man. Ten years from now, however, the term prohably will be reserved largely for those who by long, and specialized training have mastered the more complex and intricate echniques of research. They will be the specialists in sampling, in operations research, in projective techniques. The Marketing Research Department will not be large, and it will carry out its work on a service basis for all the Marketing Staff Managers. The changes ahead are already very much in the process of being made. Product Managers, Advertising Managers, staff men of every kind are addressing themselves ever more seriously to their Jobs, going farther and farther beyond routine, specialized, administrative observation and suggestion. They are getting into their jobs more deeply han ever, and so they feel impelled to creative and decision making roles. And more and more such jobs are going to research men and to men whose training and temperament commend t hem for a research approach to business. The trend will quicken as there is more widespread specific recognition and articulation of the ultimate character of staff work. MARKETING MEMO We Are Already Living in the Future . . . ^ Are you enjoying your life in 1985? Through no time machine, via no crystal ball, we are, today, living lives accurately predicted by early science forecasters and science fictioneers—but predicted for about 1985. Our age is a good quarter of a century ahead of its time, thanks to developments that would have waited many more years—except for urgent military necessity. Many of us resent defense spending. We begrudge its existence as a necessary waste that helps insure freedom, but yields no tangible return. How wrong we are! Our defense research dollars, aimed at strengthening our military muscle, are pushing civilians toward richer, healthier, safer, more convenient living. It was military money that led to the development of the safety door lock and the low-profile anti-skid tires now on many new automobiles. Military necessity mothered rainwear that remains indefinitely repellent to water, oil. and grease despite repeated laundering and dry cleaning. ^John G. Hubbell, â€Å"Life in 11)85 Today,† reprinted by permission of Quest . . . for tomorrow Magazine, Vol. 2 (Summer, 1961), p. 14. 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